Jean-Francois Lamarque
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Jean-Francois Lamarque

Scientist III

Global Tropospheric modeling group
Atmospheric Chemistry Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
lamar@ucar.edu
Ph:(303) 497-1495

Research Interests

  • Global modeling of chemistry-climate interactions
  • Paleo-chemistry

    • Publications

    1. Hess, P. G. and J.-F. Lamarque, Ozone source attribution and its modulation by the Arctic Oscillation during the spring months. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11303, doi:10.1029/2006JD007557, 2007.
    2. Doney, S. C., N. Mahowald, I. Lima, R. A. Feely, F. T. Mackenzie, J.-F. Lamarque, and P. J. Rasch. The Impact of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition on Ocean Acidification and the Inorganic Carbon System. Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 2007.
    3. Kinnison, D. E., G. P. Brasseur, S. Walters, R. R. Garcia, D. A. Marsh, F. Sassi, B. A. Boville, L. Harvey, C. Randall, L. Emmons, J.-F. Lamarque, P. Hess, J. Orlando, G. Tyndall, X. X. Tie, W. Randel, L. Pan, A. Gettelman, C. Granier, T. Diehl, U. Niemeier, and A. J. Simmons, Sensitivity of Chemical Tracers to Meteorological Parameters in the MOZART-3 Chemical Transport Model. Accepted for publication in J. Geophys. Res., 2007.
    4. Horowitz, L. W., A. M. Fiore, G. P. Milly, R. C. Cohen, A. Perring, P. J. Wooldridge, P. G. Hess, L. K. Emmons, and J.-F. Lamarque, Observational constraints on the chemistry of isoprene nitrates over the eastern United States. Accepted for publication in J. Geophys. Res., 2007.
    5. Lamarque, J.-F., J. T. Kiehl and J. J. Orlando, The role of hydrogen sulfide in a Permian-Triassic Boundary ozone collapse. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02801, doi:10.1029/2006GL028384, 2007. PDF reprint
    6. Pfister, G.G., L.K. Emmons, P.G. Hess, R. Honrath, J.-F. Lamarque, M. Val Martin, R.C. Owen, M.A. Avery, E.V. Browell, J.S. Holloway, P. Nedelec, R. Purvis,T.B. Ryerson, G.W. Sachse, H. Schlager, Ozone Production from the 2004 North American Boreal Fires. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 111, D24S07, doi:10.1029/2006JD007695, 2006.
    7. Helmig, D., S. Oltmans, D. Carlson, J.-F. Lamarque, A. Jones, C. Labuschagne, K. Anlauf, and K. Hayden, Surface ozone in the Polar regions. Accepted for publication in Atmos. Environ., 2006.
    8. Shindell, D.T., G. Faluvegi, D.S. Stevenson, L. K. Emmons, J.-F. Lamarque, G. Pétron, F.J. Dentener, K. Ellingsen, M. Amann, C.S. Atherton, N. Bell, D.J. Bergmann, I. Bey, T. Butler, J. Cofala, W.J. Collins, R.G. Derwent, R.M. Doherty, J. Drevet, H.J. Eskes, A.M. Fiore, M. Gauss, D.A. Hauglustaine, L.W. Horowitz, I.S.A. Isaksen, M.C. Krol, M.G. Lawrence, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, G. Pitari, M.J. Prather, J.A. Pyle, S. Rast, J.M. Rodriguez, M.G. Sanderson, N.H. Savage, M.G. Schultz, S.E. Strahan, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, T.P.C. van Noije, O. Wild, and G. Zeng, Multi-model simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006.
    9. Pradier, S., J.-L. Attié, M. Chong, J. Escobar, V.-H. Peuch, J.-F. Lamarque, B. Khattatov and D. Edwards. Evaluation of 2001 springtime CO transport over West Africa using MOPITT CO measurements assimilated in a global chemistry transport model. Tellus B 58 (3), 163-176. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00185.x, 2006.
    10. Granier, C., U. Niemeier, J. H. Jungclaus, L. Emmons, P. Hess, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Walters and G. P. Brasseur, Ozone pollution from future ship traffic in the Arctic Northern Passages. Accepted for publication in Geophys. Res. Letters, 2006.
    11. Lamarque, J.-F., J. T. Kiehl, C. A. Shields, B. A. Boville, and D. E. Kinnison, Modeling the response to changes in tropospheric methane concentration: application to the Permian-Triassic boundary. Paleoceanography, 21, PA3006, doi:10.1029/2006PA001276, 2006. PDF reprint
    12. van Noije, T. P. C., H. J. Eskes, F. J. Dentener, D. S. Stevenson, K. Ellingsen, M. G. Schultz, O. Wild, M. Amann, C. S. Atherton, D. J. Bergmann, I. Bey, K. F. Boersma, T. Butler, J. Cofala, J. Drevet, A. M. Fiore, M. Gauss, D. A. Hauglustaine, L. W. Horowitz, I. S. A. Isaksen, M. C. Krol, J.-F. Lamarque, M. G. Lawrence, R. V. Martin, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, G. Pitari, M. J. Prather, J. A. Pyle, A. Richter, J. M. Rodriguez, N. H. Savage, S. E. Strahan, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and M. van Roozendael, Multi-model ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 2943- 2979, 2006.
    13. Dentener, F., J. Drevet, J.-F. Lamarque, I. Bey, B. Eickhout, A. Fiore, D. Hauglustaine, L. Horowitz, M. Krol, U. Kuhlsherestha, M. Lawrence, C. Galy- Lacaux, S. Rast, D. Shindell, D. Stevenson, T. van Noije, C. Atherthon, N. Bell, D. Bergman, T. Butler, J. Cofala, W. Collins, R. Doherty, K. Ellingsen, J. Galloway, M. Gauss, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, G. Pitari, J. Rodriguez, M. Sanderson, S. Strahan, M. Schultz, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, O. Wild. Nitrogen and sulphur deposition on regional and global scales: a multi-model evaluation, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB4003, doi:10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006.
    14. Dentener, F., D. Stevenson, K. Ellingsen, T. van Noije, M. Schultz, M. Amann, C. Atherton, N. Bell, D. Bergmann, I. Bey, L. Bouwman, T. Butler, J. Cofala, B. Collins, J. Drevet, R. Doherty, B. Eickhout, H. Eskes, A. Fiore, M. Gauss, D. Hauglustaine, L. Horowitz, I. Isaksen, B. Josse, M. Lawrence, M. Krol, J.-F. Lamarque, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, V. H. Peuch, G. Pitari, J. Pyle, S. Rast, J. Rodriguez, M. Sanderson, N. Savage, D. Shindell, S. Strahan, S. Szopa, K. Sudo, O. Wild, and G. Zeng. Global air quality for the next generation, Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 3586-3594, 2006.
    15. Mahowald, N. M., J.-F. Lamarque, X. X. Tie, E. Wolff, Sea-salt aerosol response to climate change: last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, and doubled-carbon dioxide climates. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006459, 2006.
    16. Gauss, M., G. Myhre, I. S. A. Isaksen, W. J. Collins, F. J. Dentener, K. Ellingsen, L. K. Gohar, V. Grewe, D. A. Hauglustaine, D. Iachetti, J.-F. Lamarque, E. Mancini, L. J. Mickley, G. Pitari, M. J. Prather, J. A. Pyle, M. G. Sanderson, K. P. Shine, D. S. Stevenson, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, O. Wild,G. Zeng, Radiative forcing since preindustrial times due to ozone change in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 575-599, 2006.
    17. Mouillot, F., C. Field, J.-F. Lamarque and Y. Balkanski, Fire history and the global carbon budget: 2. Carbon emissions from biomass burning during the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Letters, 33, L01801, doi:10.1029/2005GL024707, 2006.
    18. Textor, C., M. Schulz, S. Guibert, S. Kinne, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, T. Berntsen, T. Berglen, O. Boucher, M. Chin, F. Dentener, T. Diehl, R. Easter, H. Feichter, D. Fillmore, S. Ghan, P. Ginoux, S. Gong, A. Grini, J. Hendricks, L. Horowitz, P. Huang, I. Isaksen, T. Iversen, S. Kloster, D. Koch, A. Kirkevåg, J. E. Kristjansson, M. Krol, A. Lauer, J.-F. Lamarque, X. Liu, V. Montanaro, G. Myhre, J. Penner, G. Pitari, S. Reddy, Ø. Seland, P. Stier, T. Takemura, X. Tie, Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 8331-8420, 2005
    19. Kinne, S., M. Schulz, C. Textor, S. Guibert, Y. Balkanski, S.Bauer, T. Berntsen, T.Berglen, O.Boucher, M.Chin, W. Collins, F. Dentener, T. Diehl, R. Easter, H.Feichter, D.Fillmore, S. Ghan, P.Ginoux, S.Gong, A.Grini, J.Hendricks, M.Herzog, L.Horowitz, I.Isaksen, T.Iversen, A. Kirkevåg, S.Kloster, D.Koch, J. E. Kristjansson, M.Krol, A. Lauer, J.-F. Lamarque, G.Lesins, X.Liu, U.Lohmann, V.Montanaro, G.Myhre, J.Penner, G.Pitari, S.Reddy, O.Seland, P.Stier, T.Takemura, X.Tie, An AeroCom initial assessment – optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 8285-8330, 2005.
    20. Stevenson, D.S., F.J. Dentener, M.G. Schultz, K. Ellingsen, T. P.C. van Noije, O. Wild, G. Zeng, M. Amann, C.S. Atherton, N. Bell, D.J. Bergmann, I. Bey, T. Butler, J. Cofala, W.J. Collins, R.G. Derwent, R.M. Doherty, J. Drevet, H.J. Eskes, A.M. Fiore, M. Gauss, D.A. Hauglustaine, L.W. Horowitz, I.S.A. Isaksen, M.C. Krol, J.-F. Lamarque, M.G. Lawrence, V. Montanaro, J.-F. Müller, G. Pitari, M.J. Prather, J.A. Pyle, S. Rast, J.M. Rodriguez, M.G. Sanderson, N.H. Savage, D.T. Shindell, S.E. Strahan, K. Sudo, and S. Szopa, Multi-model ensemble simulations of present-day andnear-future tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2005.
    21. Lamarque, J.-F., J. T. Kiehl, P. G. Hess, W. D. Collins, L. K. Emmons, P. Ginoux, C. Luo, and X. X. Tie, Response of a coupled chemistry-climate model to changes in aerosol emissions: Global impact on the hydrological cycle and the tropospheric burdens of OH, ozone and NOx. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 32, No. 16, L16809, 2005. PDF reprint
    22. Lamarque, J.-F., J. Kiehl, G. Brasseur, T. Butler, P. Cameron-Smith, W. D. Collins, W. J. Collins, C. Granier, D. Hauglustaine, P. Hess, E. Holland, L. Horowitz, M. Lawrence, D. McKenna, P. Merilees, M. Prather, P. Rasch, D. Rotman, D. Shindell and P. Thornton, Assessing future nitrogen deposition and carbon cycle feedback using a multi-model approach. Analysis of nitrogen deposition. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19303, doi:10.1029/2005JD005825, 2005. PDF reprint
    23. Pfister, G., P. Hess, L. Emmons, J.-F. Lamarque, C. Wiedenmyer, D. Edwards, G. Pétron, J. Gille, G. Sachse, Constraints on emissions for the Alaskan wildfires 2004 using data assimilation and inverse modeling of MOPITT CO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11809, doi:10.1029/2005GL022995, 2005.
    24. Laepple, T., M. Schultz, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Madronich. R.E. Shetter, B. Lefer and E. Atlas, Improved Albedo Formulation for Chemistry-Transport Models based on satellite observations and assimilated snow data and its impact on tropospheric photochemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 110, No. D11, D11308 10.1029/2004JD005463, 2005.
    25. Lamarque, J.-F., P. Hess, L. Emmons, L. Buja, W. Washington and C. Granier, Tropospheric ozone evolution between 1890 and 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 110, No. D8, D08304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005537, 2005. PDF reprint
    26. Holland, E.A., B. H. Braswell, J. Sulzman, and J.-F. Lamarque, Nitrogen deposition onto the Unites States and Western Europe: A synthesis of observations and models. Ecological Applications, 15(1), 38-57, 2005.
    27. Pétron G., C. Granier, B. Khattatov, V. Yudin, J.-F. Lamarque, L. Emmons, J. Gille and D. Edwards, Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000-2001 MOPITT satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21107, doi:10.1029/2004GL020560, 2004.
    28. Yudin, V., G. Pétron, J.-F. Lamarque, B. Khattatov, P. Hess, L. Lyjak, J. Gille, D. Edwards, M. Deeter, L. Emmons, Assimilation of the 2000-2001 CO MOPITT retrievals with optimized surface emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20105, doi:10.1029/2004GL021037, 2004.
    29. Pfister, G., G. Pétron, L. K. Emmons, J. C. Gille, D. P. Edwards, J.-F. Lamarque, J.- L. Attié, C. Granier, and P. C. Novelli, Evaluation of CO Simulations and the Analysis of the CO Budget for Europe. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19304, doi:10.1029/2004JD004691, 2004.
    30. Edwards, D. P., L. K. Emmons, D. A. Hauglustaine, A. Chu, J. C. Gille, Y. J. Kaufman, G. Pétron, L. N. Yurganov, L. Giglio, M. N. Deeter, V. Yudin, D. C. Ziskin, J. Warner, J. -F. Lamarque, G. L. Francis, S. P. Ho, D. Mao, J. Chen, E. I. Grechko, and J. R. Drummond, Observations of Carbon Monoxide and Aerosol From the Terra Satellite: Northern Hemisphere Variability. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004727, 2004.
    31. Lamarque, J.-F., B. Khattatov, V. Yudin, D. P. Edwards, J. C. Gille, L.K. Emmons, M.N. Deeter, J. Warner, D.C. Ziskin, G.L. Francis, S. Ho, D. Mao, J. Chen, and J. R. Drummond, Application of a bias estimator for the improved assimilation of MOPITT carbon monoxide retrievals. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16304, doi:10.1029/2003JD004466, 2004. PDF reprint
    32. Lamarque, J.-F. and P. G. Hess, Arctic Oscillation modulation of the Northern Hemisphere spring tropospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Letters, 31, L06127, doi:10.1029/2003GL019116, 2004. PDF reprint
    33. Hauglustaine, D. A., F. Hourdin, L. Jourdain, M.-A. Filiberti, S. Walters, J.-F. Lamarque, and E. A. Holland, Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: description and background tropospheric chemistry evaluation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04314, doi:10.1029/2003JD003957, 2004.
    34. Deeter, M. N., Emmons, L. K. Francis, G. L., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Warner, J. X., Khattatov, B., Ziskin, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Ho, S.-P., Yudin, V., Attie, J.-L., Packman, D., Chen, J., Mao, D., Drummond, James R., Novelli, Paul, Sachse, Glen, Evaluation of operational radiances for the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument CO thermal band channels, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D3), D03308, doi:10.1029/2003JD003970, 2004.
    35. Emmons, L.K., M.N. Deeter, J.C. Gille, D.P. Edwards, J.-L. Attie, J. Warner, D. Ziskin, G. Francis, B. Khattatov, V. Yudin, J.-F. Lamarque, S.-P. Ho, D. Mao, J.S. Chen, J. Drummond, P. Novelli, G. Sachse, M.T. Covey, J.W. Hannigan, C.,Gerbig, S. Kawakami, Y. Kondo, N. Takegawa, H. Schlager, J. Baehr, H. Ziereis, Validation of MOPITT CO retrievals with aircraft in situ profiles. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D3), D03309, doi:10.1029/2003JD004101, 2004.
    36. Deeter, M. N., L. K. Emmons, G. L. Francis, D. P. Edwards, J. C. Gille, J. X. Warner, B. Khattatov, D. Ziskin, J.-F. Lamarque, S.-P. Ho, V. Yudin, J.-L. Attié, D. Packman, J. Chen, D. Mao, and J. R. Drummond, Operational carbon monoxide retrieval algorithm and selected results for the MOPITT instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4399, doi:10.1029/2002JD003186, 2003.
    37. Horowitz, L. W., S. Walters, D. L. Mauzerall, L. K. Emmons, P. J. Rasch, C. Granier, X.X. Tie, J.-F. Lamarque, M. G. Schultz, G. S. Tyndall, J. J. Orlando, and G. P. Brasseur, A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2. 108(D24), 4784, doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003.
    38. Lamarque, J.-F., D.P. Edwards, L.K. Emmons, J.C. Gille, O. Wilhelmi, C. Gerbig, D. Prevedel, M.N. Deeter, J. Warner, D.C. Ziskin, B. Khattatov, G.L. Francis, V. Yudin, S. Ho, D. Mao, J. Chen, and J. R. Drummond, Identification of CO plumes from MOPITT data: application to the August 2000 Idaho-Montana forest fires. Geophys. Res. Letters, 30(13), 1688, doi:10.1029/2003GL017503, 2003. PDF reprint
    39. Lamarque, J.-F. and J.C. Gille, Improving the modeling of error variance evolution in the assimilation of chemical species: application to MOPITT data. Geophys. Res. Letters, 30 (9), 1470, doi:10.1029/2003GL016994, 2003. PDF reprint
    40. Edwards, D. P., J. -F. Lamarque, J. -L. Attie, L. K. Emmons, A. Richter,J. -P. Cammas, L. V. Lyjak, G. L. Francis, J. C. Gille, and J. R. Drummond: Tropospheric ozone over the Tropical Atlantic: A Satellite Perspective. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D8),10.1029/2002JD002927, 2003.
    41. Emmons, L.K. P.G. Hess, A.Klonecki, X.X. Tie, L. Horowitz, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Kinnison, G. Brasseur, E. Atlas, E. Browell, C. Cantrell, F. Eisele, R.L. Mauldin, J. Merrill, B, Ridley, and R. Shetter, The budget of tropospheric ozone during TOPSE from two CTMs: J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D8), doi:10.1029/2002JD002665, 2003.
    42. Lamarque, J.-F. and P. Hess: Model analysis of the temporal and geographical origin of the CO distribution during the TOPSE campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D4), doi:10.1029/2002JD002077, 2003. PDF reprint
    43. Lamarque, J.-F., B. Khattatov, and J. Gille: Constraining tropospheric ozone column through data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D), doi:10.1029/2001JD001249, 2002. PDF reprint
    44. Pétron, G., C. Granier, B. Khattatov, J.-F. Lamarque, V.Yudin, J.-F. Müller, and J. Gille: Inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface emissions using Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory network observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D), doi:10.1029/2001JD001305, 2002.
    45. Clerbaux, C., J. Hadji-Lazaro, D. Hauglustaine, G. Megie, B. V. Khattatov and J.-F. Lamarque: Assimilation of carbon monoxide measured from satellite in a threedimensional chemistry-transport model, , J. Geophys. Res., 15,385, 2001.
    46. Collins, W., P. Rasch, B. Eaton, B. Khattatov, J.-F. Lamarque, and C. Zender: Simulating aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimilation of satellite aerosol retrievals: Methodology for INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 7313-7336, 2001.
    47. Khattatov, B. V., J.-F. Lamarque, L. V. Lyjak, R. Menard, P. F. Levelt, X. X. Tie, J. C. Gille, G. P. Brasseur: Assimilation of satellite observations of long-lived chemical species in global chemistry-transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 29,135- 29,144, 2000.
    48. Hess, P.G., S. Flocke, J.-F. Lamarque, M.C. Barth, and S. Madronich: Episodic modeling of the chemical structure of the troposphere as revealed during the spring MLOPEX2 intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 26,809-26,839, 2000.
    49. Lamarque, J.-F., P. Hess, and X.X. Tie: Three-dimensional model study of the influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its distribution on tropospheric chemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 26,363-26,372, 1999. PDF reprint
    50. Lamarque, J.-F., B. Khattatov, J. Gille, and G. Brasseur: Assimilation of MAPS CO in a global three-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 26,209-26,218, 1999. PDF reprint
    51. Ridley, B.A., J.G. Walega, J.-F. Lamarque, F.E. Grahek, M. Trainer, G. Hübler, X. Lin, and F.C. Fehsenfeld: Measurements of reactive nitrogen and ozone to 5-km altitude in June 1990 over the southeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res., 8369- 8388, 1998.
    52. Pan, L., S. Solomon, W. Randel, J.-F. Lamarque, P. Hess, J. Gille, E.-W. Chiou, and P. MacCormick: Hemispheric asymmetries and seasonal variations of the lowermost stratospheric water vapor and ozone derived from SAGE II data. J. Geophys. Res., 28,177-28,184, 1997.
    53. Holland, E. A., and Lamarque J.-F.: Bio-atmospheric coupling of the nitrogen cycle through NOx emissions and NOy deposition. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 7- 24, 1997.
    54. Holland, E. A., B.H. Braswell , A. Townsend , J.-F. Lamarque, J.-F. Müller, F. Dentener, G. Brasseur, H. Levy II, J. E. Penner, G. Roelofs and J. Sulzman: Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res., 15,849- 15,866, 1997.
    55. Langford, A.O., M. Proffitt, T. VanZandt, and J.-F Lamarque: Modulation of tropospheric ozone by propagating gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 26,605-26,613, 1996.
    56. Lamarque, J.-F., Langford A., and M. Proffitt: Cross-tropopause mixing of ozone through gravity wave breaking: Observation and modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 22,969- 22,976, 1996. PDF reprint
    57. Lamarque, J.-F., G. Brasseur, P. Hess, and J.-F. Müller: Three-dimensional study of the relative contributions of the different nitrogen sources in the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 22,955-22,968, 1996. PDF reprint
    58. Lamarque, J.-F., and P.G. Hess: Cross-tropopause mass exchange and potential vorticity budget in a simulated tropopause folding. J. Atmos. Sci., 2246-2269, 1994. PDF reprint